Distance Ratio from Gravitational Redshift and Its Implications for Dark Matter

Abstract

Standard cosmology interprets cosmological redshift as a result of cosmic expansion, and uses it to determine galaxy distances. This paper derives a new redshift–distance relation from gravitational wavelength stretching, and obtains a distance ratio formula between the standard luminosity distance and the true distance. Using 175 galaxies from the SPARC catalog with a fixed average gravitational field gˉ​=2×10−9 m/s2, we find that the true distance is systematically 4–5 times smaller than the standard value. After correcting distances, 96% of galaxies can be explained by baryonic matter alone, with no need for dark matter. The dark matter hypothesis may arise from the misinterpretation of redshift and the overestimation of galaxy distances.

Keywords